Vermont Attorneys Title Corporation

• Vermont Title Standards Index ›

  • 1.1 The Role of the Examining Attorney
  • 1.2 The Examining Attorney's Attitude
  • 1.3 Definition of Marketable Title
  • 1.4 Reference to Title Standards in Real Estate Sales Contract
  • 2.1 Period of Search
  • 2.2 The Concept of the Chain of Title and its Relationship of the Rule of Record Notice and the Scope of the Title Searcher's Obligation
  • 2.3 Effect of Recording Instruments Claiming an Interest in Real Estate
  • 2.4 Wild Instruments: Instruments by Strangers to the Record Chain of Title
  • 2.4A After Acquired Property
  • 2.5 Priority of Conveyances
  • 2.6 Time When a Conveyance is Considered as Properly "Recorded"
  • 2.7 Record of Expired Leases or Expired Interests
  • 4.1 Limitation on the Use by Grantor of Corrective Deeds
  • 6.1 Grantors
  • 6.2 Majority
  • 6.3 Mental Capacity
  • 6.4 Marital Interests
  • 6.5 Powers of Attorney
  • 7.1 Grantees
  • 8.1 Name Variances
  • 9.1 Execution, Witnessing and Acknowledgement
  • 11.1 Delivery
  • 13.1 Conveyance by Heirs' Deed
  • 13.2 Conveyance by Devisees in Lieu of Probate Administration
  • 13.3 Omitted Real Estate or Faulty Description of Closed Estate
  • 13.4 Conveyance by Trustee of a Non-Probate Trust
  • 14.1 Conveyance to Two or More Persons
  • 18.1 Federal Special Gift Tax Lien
  • 18.2 Irregularities and Discrepancies in Discharges of Mortgage and other Documents
  • 18.3 Discharges of Corrected, Re-Recorded, or Modified Mortgages
  • 18.4 Effect of Failure to Discharge Assignments of Leases and/or Rent, Riders or Financing Statements
  • 18.5 Discharges Involving Mortgage Electronic Registration System (MERS)
  • 20.1 Presumptions Applicable to Corporate Conveyances
  • 22.1 Limited Liability Companies
  • 23.1 Federal General Tax Lien
  • 24.1 Federal Special Estate Tax Lien
  • 25.1 Federal Gift Tax Lien
  • 27.1 Vermont Estate Tax Lien
  • 28.1 Establishing Marketable Title To Interests In Real Property Owned By Failed Financial Institutions
  • 28.2 Title of the Receiver of a Failed Financial Institution to the Assets of That Institution
  • 28.3 Title of the Immediate Transferee of the Receiver of a Failed Financial Institution
  • 28.4 Marketability of Title In a Real Estate Interest of a Failed Financial Institution for Which No Conveyance, Transfer or Assignment Appears of Record Prior to the Dissolution of the Bridge Institution Which Had Continued The Business of the Failed Institution
  • 28.5 Discharges, Partial Releases, Assignments and Foreclosure of Mortgages of a Failed Institution By a Transferee of the Receiver For Such Failed Institution

CHAPTER XXIII

STANDARD NO. 23.1

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FEDERAL GENERAL TAX LIEN

A title examiner may presume that real estate, including after acquired land, is free of a Federal General Tax Lien, notice of which has been filed in the town clerk’s office where the land is located when:

 A. There is recorded in the town clerk’s office a certificate of release, certificate of discharge or certificate of non-attachment pursuant to IRC §6325; or

 B. Ten years and thirty days after the date of the tax assessment, provided no extension and no notice of lien has been refiled in the town clerk’s office.

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Comment 1:  The Federal General Tax Lien arises after assessment, demand for payment and the taxpayer’s failure to pay.  See IRC §6321.  Such liens are valid even if they are not filed, except against certain specified protected classes, including purchasers, holders of security interests, mechanic’s lienors and judgment creditors under IRC §6323(a).  Even where a tax lien is properly filed, holders of security interests can be free of tax liens for security interests which arise after the filing of the tax lien under certain specified circumstances.

Comment 2:  The notice of lien prepared by the IRS includes a date which operates as a certificate of release if a re-filing is not made as of that date.

Comment 3: The ten (10) year lien period may be extended in several ways.  See IRC §6502.  However, for certain protected classes of third parties (purchasers, security interest holders, mechanics lienor, judgment lien creditors) the extensions are not effective as to those persons, unless the Lien has been refiled within the one (1) year period ending ten (10) years and thirty (30) days after the assessment, or within the last year of every subsequent ten (10) year period.  See IRC §6323(g).

Comment 4:  Title 9 V.S.A. §2051 requires that notices of liens upon real or personal property for taxes or other obligations payable to the United States of America, certificates and notices affecting the liens when required to be filed, be filed in the office of the town clerk of the town where the property is situated.

Comment 5:  Title 9 V.S.A. §2052 requires the town clerk to record all notices of federal liens
in a book kept for that purpose, the date and hour of filing the lien, and to index those notices or liens.  When a certificate of discharge of a federal lien is filed, the town clerk shall enter the same upon the same page of the record where the notice of lien is filed, and permanently attach the original certificate of discharge to the original notice of lien.  See §2053.  The practitioner should be aware that the failure to index a notice of lien in the general index of land records as required by 9 V.S.A. §2052 and 24 V.S.A. §116, may not render a lien unenforceable as a result of the ruling in  Haner v. Bruce, 146 Vt. 262 (1985). 

History

September 26, 2008 This standard was added.
 

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